Method for scalable skeletal muscle lineage specification and cultivation

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to methods for enhancing cultured meat production, such as livestock-autonomous meat production. In certain aspects, the meat is any metazoan tissue or cell-derived comestible product intended for use as a comestible food or nutritional component by humans, companion animals, domesticated or captive animals whose carcasses are intended for comestible use, service animals, conserved animal species, animals used for experimental purposes, or cell cultures.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/962,068, filed Oct. 30, 2013, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under Grant No. R01HD069979/00032722 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. TheGovernment has certain rights in the invention.

INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing in ASCIItext file (Name 52553_136621_ST25.txt; Size: 2,962 bytes; and Date ofCreation: Oct. 30, 2014) filed with the application is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to methods for enhancing cultured meatproduction, such as livestock-autonomous meat production. The conceptualpromises of “cultured meat” (e.g., animal-autonomous meat production byin vitro cell culture, tissue engineering, and food technology methods)include increased production efficiency, reduced environmental impacts,expanded culinary application utility, enhanced nutritional value,cruelty-free production and improved food safety relative toconventionally produced meats. Technologies, to date however, have notadvanced sufficiently to support scalable, economically sustainableproduction. The current laboratory-scale cultivation of prototypetissues has utilized primary animal components such as animal tissuesand serum, thereby largely negating the advantages of animal-autonomousmeat production. Hence, current methods fail to resolve the animaldependence from cultured meat production sufficiently to realize theconceptual promises of “cultured meat” and provide a commerciallyadvantageous product. Therefore, there is a need to provide new andimproved methods for scalable meat cultivation from a self-renewingsource in vitro for dietary nutrition and other applications.

SUMMARY

The example embodiments provide a scalable platform for skeletal musclecultivation that utilizes cell lines with the potential to differentiateas skeletal muscle. In certain aspects, the cell lines are fromlivestock such as domestic cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, camels, waterbuffalo, rabbits and the like. In certain aspects, the cells lines arefrom poultry such as domestic chicken, turkeys, ducks, geese, pigeonsand the like. In certain aspects, the cell lines are from common gamespecies such as wild deer, gallinaceous fowl, waterfowl, hare and thelike. In certain aspects, the cell lines are from aquatic species orsemi-aquatic species harvested commercially from wild fisheries oraquaculture operations, or for sport, including certain fish,crustaceans, mollusks, cephalopods, cetaceans, crocodilians, turtles,frogs and the like. In certain aspects, the cell lines are from exotic,conserved or extinct animal species. In certain aspects, the cell linesare from any metazoan species demonstrating the capacity for skeletalmuscle tissue specification. In certain aspects, the cell lines are forresearch or for therapeutic purposes, such as humans, primates, rodentsincluding rats and mice, and companion animals such as dogs, cats,horses, and the like. In certain specific aspects, the cell lines fromany organisms are self-renewing stem cell lines. In certain aspects, theselected cell line is modified by a ‘genetic switch’ to induce rapid andefficient conversion of cells to skeletal muscle for cultured meatproduction. In an example embodiment, the above or other aspects may beaccomplished by a method comprising modifying a selected self-renewingcell line by a myogenic transcription factor to produce amyogenic-transcription-factor-modified cell line, and inducing suchmodified cell line by exogenous regulation to direct alternateself-renewal or differentiation processes.

In certain aspects, the self-renewing cell line is selected from a groupconsisting of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells,somatic cell lines, or extra-embryotic cell lines with myogenicpotential. In certain aspects, the cell line is derived from speciesintended for dietary consumption. Illustrative, non-limiting examples ofmyogenic transcription factors include, alone or in combination, MYOD1,MYOG, MYF5, MYF6, PAX3, PAX7, paralogs, orthologs, genetic variantsthereof, or transcriptional activation agonists of the respectivepromoter recognition DNA sequences of the myogenic transcription factorsas further described herein.

In certain specific aspects, an inducible MyoD transcription factor maybe used as the differentiation lineage specifier. In certain specificaspects, the porcine induced pluripotent cell line O2K may be employedas the self-renewing cell line. In one specific aspect the methodcomprises modifying a O2K stem cell line with an inducible MyoDtranscription factor to produce a myogenic-transcription-factor-modifiedO2KM cell line, and inducing such O2KM cell line by exogenous regulationto direct self-renewal or differentiation processes. The aforementionedmodifying step can further comprise modifying the cell line with achromosomally integrated vector constitutively expressing an induciblefusion of the MYOD1 transcription factor and an ESR1 ligand bindingdomain from a constitutively active promoter region. For example, theinducible activity of the translated fusion transcript (e.g., MyoDER),can be conditionally activated in the presence of the ESR1 agonist(e.g., 17-(3 Estradiol (E2)).

In certain aspects, the inducing step can further comprise theself-renewal sub-step and the differentiation sub-step regulated by adouble-switch mechanism. In the self-renewal sub-step, the modified cellline undifferentiated ground-state is preserved, such as in the presenceof doxycycline (DOX), whereby the cell line is maintained in a stem cellself-renewal state by the induced expression of the pluripotencytransgenes POU5F1 and KLF4. In the differentiation sub-step, themodified cell line is treated, such as with E2 in the absence of DOX,whereas the cell line is efficiently specified to skeletal myocytes,i.e., the myogenic lineage, by the inducible MyoD transcription factor,resulting in characteristic elongated cells with spindle-likemorphology. When further cultured in low-mitogen culture medium, thederivative myocytes can fuse into multinucleated myotubes, precursors toskeletal muscle fibers. Following extended culture in low-mitogenmedium, the multinucleated myotubes mature into skeletal muscle fiberscapable of terminal differentiation, as evidenced by increasedexpression of MYOG, DES, MYHC; fusion; and development of sarcomericmyofibrils with contractile potential. The differentiation sub-step canfurther comprise adding certain reagents in the culture medium foractivating the canonical WNT signaling pathway to prevent cell death andfacilitate myogenic differentiation, and adding epigenetic modulators tothe culture medium to alter the chromatin structure for enhancedmyogenic gene expression.

Certain aspects of the disclosure employ genetically enhanced cells forunlimited renewal capacity and efficient conversation to skeletalmuscle, the predominant tissue lineage constituting non-offal meatproducts, in serum-free culture medium. When coupled with a scalabletissue engineering approach, such methods can revolutionize the way meatis produced and marketed for consumers by enabling cultivation of animaltissue in unlimited quantities for animal-autonomous cultured meatproduction. Additional applications contemplated include in vivoxeno-transplantation use and in vitro models for drug screening,developmental physiology, and developmental biology.

Further features and advantages of the disclosure, as well as thestructure and operation of various embodiments of the disclosure, aredescribed in detail below with reference to any accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a MyoDER DNA sequence.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a method comprising adouble-switch regulation mechanism for expansion of the undifferentiatedcell line, or skeletal muscle lineage specification.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing a double-switch mechanismapplied to the myogenic modified O2KM cell line regulated by DOX or E2.

FIG. 4A is a schematic illustration of the selectable MyoDER transgeneexpression cassette. Arrows and boxes respectively indicate promoter andgene sequences.

FIG. 4B shows Western blot image detection of MyoDER transgeneexpression in blastidicin-selected O2K by an anti-MYOD1 antibody.Transgene expression cassette modified O2K is designated as O2KM. TUBA(alpha-tubulin) is detected as an internal loading control.

FIG. 5 is an image showing O2KM cells exhibiting stable, compact-colonymorphology in self-renewal conditions as the parental O2K cell line.

FIG. 6 is a panel of images showing O2KM cultured onPoly-D-Lysine+Laminin+MATRIGEL coated dishes+/−0.25 μM 5-Aza-Cytidine(5AC) for phenol-free self-renewal medium (SRM) under 5% O₂ for threedays followed with or without 17-β Estradiol (E2) induction of theMyoDER fusion protein under 20% O₂ for two days in phenol red-freemyogenic induction medium (MIM) supplemented with 3 μM CHIR99021. C.Phase-contrast images of O2KM on E2-induction day 2.

FIG. 7 shows Western blot analysis of MYOD1 (MyoD), MYF5 (Myf5), andMYOG (myogenin) in differentiated O2KM cell lysates harvested followingindicated 2-day E2 induction regimens. MyoDER migration: ˜75 kD.Expected endogenous MYOD1 migration: 45-50 kD.

FIG. 8 shows images of immunofluorescent detection of myocyte cellsurface marker NCAM (Alexa568) and nuclei (DAPI) in 5AC-exposed O2KMcultures prior to, and following, a 2-day 10 μM E2 inductiontime-course.

FIG. 9 shows a panel of phase-contrast images of i. ground stateundifferentiated O2K colonies cultured on Poly-D Lysine+Gelatin+Lamininunder 5% O₂ in SRM, ii.-vi. adherent colonies differentiating from theground state, as shown in panel i. for two days in differentiationmedium (DM) under 20% O₂ supplemented with ii. 0 μM, iii. 1 μM, iv. 3μM, v. 6 μM or vi. 9 μM CHIR99021. Non-adherant colonies were prevalentas embryoid bodies in cultures exposed to 6 μM (vii.) or 9 μM (viii.)CHIR99021.

FIG. 10 shows a bar graph illustrating adherent O2K cell populationchange during differentiation. Percentages represent the ratio ofadherent cells enumerated in cultures following two days in the presenceof CHIR99021 at the concentrations indicated (shown in FIG. 9, panelsii.-vi.) relative to the adherent cells enumerated prior todifferentiation from the ground-state (shown in FIG. 9, panel i.) n=3for each enumerated culture condition.

FIG. 11 shows a bar graph of flow cytometric analysis of Annexin Vlabeled cells. Undifferentiated O2K colonies were cultured under 20% O₂in differentiation medium the presence of 0, 1, 3 or 6 μM CHIR99021 forone day prior to analysis.

FIG. 12 shows Western Blot analysis of relative CTNNB1 (β-catenin)levels and phosphorylation (p-CTNNB1) at GSK3β substrates serine 33, 37and threonine 41 in cultures differentiated from the ground-state (asshown in FIG. 9) in the presence of CHIR99021 at the concentrationsindicated. Cultures were exposed to 50 nM Calyculin A and 30 μM MG-132for 3 hours prior to harvest to stabilize detectable levels of p-CTNNB1for comparative analysis.

FIG. 13A shows a graph illustrating the densitomentric ratios ofp-CTNNB1/CTNNB1 bands as shown in FIG. 12.

FIG. 13B shows a graph illustrating the densitometric ratios ofCTNNB1/TUBA bands as shown in FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 shows an image illustrating the differentiation markertime-course Western blot analysis. Expression levels of pluripotencymarkers, POU5F1 and KLF4, and the pre-myogenic paraxial mesoderm markerPAX3 in O2K cultures differentiated from the ground state in thepresence of CHIR99021.

FIG. 15 shows images of terminal differentiation of O2KM myocytesdifferentiated in the absence (left panel) or presence (right panel) of5-Aza-Cytidine (5AC). Note the myocyte derivatives with flattenedmorphology in the left panel (−5AC) in contrast to the elongated,multinucleated myotubes in the left panel (+5AC).

FIG. 16 shows Annexin V labeling of apoptotic cells prior to, andfollowing 24 h transition of cultures, as in FIG. 9, panels i-ii.

FIG. 17A shows Western blot detection of full-length CPP32 (˜32 kDprocaspase 3a) and the large cleaved fragment (˜17 kD cleaved-caspase3a) in ground-state colonies prior to (0 h) and following (12-48 h)differentiation milieu transition (12-48 h).

FIG. 17B shows Western blot detection of full-length CPP32 and thecleaved fragment in colonies following 42 h transition to thedifferentiation milieu in the presence of CHIR99021 levels indicated.

FIG. 18 shows outgrowth morphology of embryoid bodies formed in adifferentiation milieu containing 6 μM CHIR99021 for two days andfollowing transfer to a Poly-D Lysine+Laminin+MATRIGEL coated substratefor one (d3, left panel) or three (d5, right panel) additional days.

FIG. 19A shows Western Blot of lysates from unmodified piPSC cultured inthe absence of 3i, DOX, hLIF and E2 in differentiation milieu containingKOSR.

FIG. 19B shows Western Blot of lysates from MyoDER-modified piPSCcultured in the presence of DOX, LIF and 3i. MYODER-modified piPSC werecultured 3 days in self-renewal or expansion milieu.

FIG. 20A is a schematic of the O2KM expansion and induction regimens,followed by the terminal differentiation regimen.

FIG. 20B shows myotube morphology and conformation. Post-induction (d2),piPSC developed as elongated, anisotropic, refractive myotubes whenexposed to 5AC during the expansion and induction regimens.

FIG. 20C shows uniform expression of myosin heavy chain by d6.

FIG. 20D shows myotube multinucleation. Left panel: enlarged image of d4terminal differentiation cultures. Bracketed arrows indicate multiplenuclei within a single myotube. Right panel: myonuclei distribution bymyotube ploidy by propidium iodide labeling and flow cytometry analysis.n=3 with standard deviation shown.

FIG. 20E Western blots show increasing expression of desmin (DES) andmyogenin (MYOG) over the 8d course.

FIG. 20F shows cell-cycle withdrawal concomitant with terminaldifferentiation.

FIG. 20G shows Transmission Electron Microscopy of d6 myotubes.Sarcomeric structural units were aligned in single (left panels) andstaggered, parallel rows (right panel).

FIG. 21A shows asynchronous, single-cell transient cycles (left, middleand right panels) were observed in spontaneously contracting d6 myotubesubpopulations.

FIG. 21B shows FOV activation and synchronization of calcium transientcycles by 1.0 Hz field stimulation in d6 myotubes.

FIG. 21C shows FOV calcium transient activation of d6 myotubes by 10 mMcaffeine.

FIG. 21D: single-cell analysis of calcium transient activation in a d7myotubes by 100 nM acetylcholine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

To the extent necessary to provide descriptive support, the subjectmatter and/or text of the appended claims is incorporated herein byreference in their entirety. It will be understood by all readers ofthis written description that the exemplary embodiments described andclaimed herein may be suitably practiced in the absence of any recitedfeature, element or step that is, or is not, specifically disclosedherein.

Throughout this disclosure, the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one ormore of that entity; for example, “a polynucleotide,” is understood torepresent one or more polynucleotides. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”),“one or more,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.

Furthermore, “and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specificdisclosure of each of the two specified features or components with orwithout the other. Thus, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as“A and/or B” herein is intended to include “A and B,” “A or B,” “A”(alone), and “B” (alone). Likewise, the term “and/or” as used in aphrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to encompass each of thefollowing aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; Aand C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

It is understood that wherever aspects are described herein with thelanguage “comprising,” otherwise analogous aspects described in terms of“consisting of” and/or “consisting essentially of” are also provided.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to whom this disclosure is directed. For example, the ConciseDictionary of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology, Juo, Pei-Show, 2nd ed.,2002, CRC Press; The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed.,1999, Academic Press; and the Oxford Dictionary Of Biochemistry AndMolecular Biology, Revised, 2000, Oxford University Press, provide oneof skill with a general dictionary of many of the terms used in thisdisclosure.

Units, prefixes, and symbols are denoted in their Système Internationalde Unites (SI) accepted form. Numeric ranges are inclusive of thenumbers defining the range. Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acidsequences are written 5′ to 3′ and amino acid sequences are written leftto right in amino to carboxy orientation. The headings provided hereinare not limitations of the various aspects of the disclosure, which canbe had by reference to the specification as a whole.

All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable orderunless otherwise indicated herein.

No language or terminology in this specification should be construed asindicating any non-claimed element as essential or critical.

Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as ashorthand method of referring individually to each separate valuefalling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and eachseparate value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. Where a specific range of values isprovided, it is understood that each intervening value is intended to beincluded therein, and all smaller subranges are also included.

Provided herein are new and improved methods for generating functionalskeletal muscle, for cultivating meat such as engineered tissue or othercomestible product, from a cell source in vitro. Such methods arecontemplated, for example, for livestock-autonomous meat production,wherein meat is any metazoan tissue or cell-derived comestible productintended for use as a comestible food or nutritional component byhumans, companion animals, domesticated or captive animals whosecarcasses are intended for comestible use, service animals, conservedanimal species, animals used for experimental purposes, or cellcultures.

Also provided are in vitro-produced animal tissues, such as muscletissue, made by any of the various aspects disclosed herein. In certainaspects, the cell source is a stem cell source, for example, aself-renewable stem cell line. Certain aspect of the methods employ amyogenic, inducible transgene-modified self-renewable cell line derivedfrom an intended species. In certain aspects, the intended species canbe any edible species including livestock and poultry species. Incertain aspects, the intended species are livestock species such asdomestic cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, camels, water buffalo, rabbits andthe like. In certain aspects, the intended species are poultry speciessuch as domestic chicken, turkeys, ducks, geese, pigeons and the like.In certain aspects, the intended species are common game species such aswild deer, gallinaceous fowl, waterfowl, hare and the like. In certainaspects, the intended species are aquatic species or semi-aquaticspecies harvested commercially from wild fisheries or aquacultureoperations, or for sport, including certain fish, crustaceans, mollusks,cephalopods, cetaceans, crocodilians, turtles, frogs and the like. Incertain aspects, the intended species are exotic, conserved or extinctanimal species. In certain aspects, the intended species are anymetazoan species demonstrating the capacity for skeletal muscle tissuespecification. In certain aspects, the intended species are for researchor for therapeutic purposes, such as humans, primates, rodents includingrats and mice, and companion animals such as dogs, cats, horses, and thelike.

In certain aspects, the cell line is regulated by a double-switchmechanism to either maintain the cell line in self-renewal process ordirect myogenic differentiation.

A parent/host cell line of aspects disclosed herein has the propertiesof being immortal (self-renewing) and having the potential todifferentiate, reprogram, specify or otherwise convert to skeletalmuscle lineage, such as following regimens comprising one or morecomponents that direct myogenic conversion. Three classes of stem cellmay be employed as cell sources for scalable cultivation: (1)lineage-restricted primary adult progenitor stem cell isolations, (2)lineage-restricted immortalized cell lines, and (3) pluripotent stemcells lines. It has been determined that each of these approaches hasadvantages and disadvantages in serving as a cell source for culturedmeat production.

Lineage-Restricted Primary Adult Progenitor Stem Cell Isolations.

These include adult progenitor cells committed to lineages constitutingmeat products such as skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle progenitor cellsinclude, but are not limited, to satellite cells, myoblasts andmyocytes. Their advantages include: i) primary adult progenitor cellsare restricted to specific lineages and require little or no in vitrospecification to desired lineages; and ii) primary adult progenitorcells do not require genetic modification for lineage specification.Their disadvantages include: i) they must either be harvested from afreshly slaughtered animal carcass or procured from an invasive biopsy.Either method conveys dependence on livestock and compromises thebenefit of livestock-autonomous production to the extent that livestockare used in the process; ii) primary cell isolation is a highlyinefficient process. The desired cells comprise a fraction of the sourcetissue. A subfraction of the desired cells survive the isolationprocess. Desired cell lineages must be isolated from mixed populationsof surviving cells, requiring additional purification and expansionsteps; iii) primary adult progenitor cells are subject to the ‘HayflickLimit’, wherein cells can divide only limited number of times beforethey lose their capacity to proliferate. Moreover, primary adultprogenitor cells lose their ability to terminally differentiate in amanner concordant with extended passage. Thus, additional cells must beprocured from primary cell isolations, thereby limiting cultivationscalability from a single isolation; and iv) primary cell culture oflineages of tissues applicable to cultured meat production, such asskeletal muscle, are anchorage dependent-limiting methods for volumetricscalability of cultures. In suspension culture, these cells may besusceptible to cell death by anoikis.

Lineage-Restricted Immortalized Cell Lines.

These are lineage-committed primary cells that are genetically alteredto self-renew indefinitely while retaining their capacity to terminallydifferentiate or lineage-restricted. Their advantages include: i)“perpetually self-renewing” (i.e. not subject to the ‘Hayflick Limit’)and can expand indefinitely for scalable and livestock-autonomouscultivation; ii) restricted to specific lineages and require little orno further in vitro specification. Their disadvantages include: i)immortalized, lineage-restricted cell lines from certain species withthe capacity to differentiate along lineages applicable to cultured meatproduction (e.g. skeletal muscle) may require development; ii) culturesof lineage-committed cell lines are anchorage dependent, limitingscalability. In suspension culture, lineage-committed cell lines may besusceptible to cell death by anoikis; and iii) cellulartransformation(s) enabling ‘immortalization’ necessitates geneticmodification. The necessary genetic modifications that immortalizeapplicable primary cell populations without interfering with theircapacity to terminally differentiate are not well characterized.

Pluripotent Stem Cells Lines:

Pluripotent stem cell lines include embryonic stem cells or inducedpluripotent stem cells (iPSC) that maintain the capacity to self-renewin the undifferentiated state, or alternately differentiate to anytissue lineage. Their advantages include: i) in general, pluripotentstem cell lines proliferate at a higher rate than primary orimmortalized lineage-restricted cell lines, reducing the time requiredfor biomass expansion in production processes; ii) pluripotent stemcells may be cultivated as embryoid bodies in suspension culture,thereby enhancing culture scalability per unit of culture volume.Moreover, embryoid bodies may be cultured as ‘bio-ink’ compatible withmicromold and bioprinting tissue assembly methods; and iii) likeimmortalized lineage-restricted cell lines, pluripotent stem cells arenot subject to the ‘Hayflick Limit’ and can expand indefinitely forscalable, livestock-autonomous cultivation. Their disadvantages include:i) authentic embryonic stem cell lines derived from certain species mayrequire development; ii) methods for reprogramming and self-renewal ofiPSC may be transgene-dependent. Hence, iPSC pluripotency may requiregenetic modification for induction and self-renewal of theundifferentiated state. Efficient iPSC differentiation requiresmechanisms for silencing the transgenes used for reprogramming andmaintenance of the undifferentiated state mutually exclusive to thedifferentiated state to avoid conflicting transcription networkactivation disadvantageous to desired lineage specification; and iii)relative to lineage-restricted primary adult progenitor stem cells andimmortalized cell lines, pluripotent stem cells, in general, requireadditional lineage specification steps to develop and enrich the desiredlineage specification.

Other parental/host cells lines in addition to the three stem cellclassifications provided above are also contemplated herein. Forexample, induced trophoblast cell lines (representing non-pluripotent,non-somatic immortalized cells of extra-embryonic type), whose myogenicpotential was established previously by the teratoma assay, may besuitable for myogenic conversion as well. For example, somatic celllines partially reprogrammed to pluripotency may possess myogenicpotential but fail to form teratomas representing three embryonic germlayers. For example, though their existence is controversial, STAP celllines (stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency) may be myo-potentand self-renewing.

O2K Cell Line.

The O2K cell line is an induced pluripotent stem cell line establishedfrom the inner cell mass of a pre-implantation porcine embryo. The O2Kcell line has been studied and it was discovered that the self-renewalstate of O2K can be maintained by transcriptional activation of POU5F1and KLF4 transgenes by doxycycline (i.e. DOX) using a ‘Tet-On’ inductionsystem.

MYOD1 Transcription Factor.

MYOD1 (i.e. MyoD) is a dominant regulator of skeletal muscle lineagecommitment. The MyoDER construct has been described previously,consisting of a genetic fusion of the murine MYOD1 gene and the sequenceencoding the ligand binding domain of the human estrogen receptor α,shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1). In FIG. 1, the MyoDER consists of agenetic fusion between the murine MYOD1 gene at the Nar I restrictionendonuclease digest site with the ligand binding domain coding sequenceof the ESR1 (i.e. human estrogen receptor α) nucleotides 844-1781.Non-specified and Cla 1 linker sequences are also present. The myogenicspecification activity of the MyoDER fusion construct ispost-translationally induced by addition of the estrogen receptor αligand, 17β-Estradiol (i.e., E2). In the absence of the 17β-estradiol,MyoDER remains in an inactive state. The MyoDER construct is hereinreferred to as “inducible MyoD.”

Referring now to FIG. 2, one aspect is cell-stock-expansion, i.e.,expansion of the cell line in self-renewal conditions necessary for themaintenance of cell stocks for continued scalable cultivation. Anotheraspect is the lineage-specification/differentiation, i.e., inducingmyogenic lineage differentiation for further tissue cultivation process.Thus, certain aspects may be summarized as comprising two main steps: i)modifying a selected self-renewing cell line with a myogenictranscription factor to produce anmyogenic-transcription-factor-modified cell line, and ii) inducing suchmodified cell line by exogenous regulation to maintain in self-renewalprocess or advance to differentiation process. As used herein,“modifying” a cell line with an myogenic transcription factor refers toinserting a nucleic acid vector or construct operably encoding amyogenic transcription factor (such as by transfection, transduction,transformation, and the like) into the cell line, wherein the modifiedcell line expresses the myogenic transcription factor. In certainaspects, the inserted myogenic transcription factor isinducibly-expressed to produce an inducible-myogenic transcriptionfactor cell modified cell line. As used herein, “inducibly,”“inducible,” and the like refers to any genetically engineeredapproaches that may be used to exogenously regulate the activities of agene product such as a myogenic transcription factor. Inducibleapproaches include, but are not limited to, regulation of myogenictranscription factor activity by ligand inducible transcription factortechnology (e.g., tet-on, tet-off, RheoSwitch), site-directedrecombination technology (e.g., Cre-LoxP, flp-FRT), transposontechnology (e.g. Sleeping Beauty, PiggyBac), ligand binding receptorfusion technology (e.g., estrogen, progesterone, androgen, thyroidhormone, glucocorticoid hormone, tamoxifen ligand agonists), andtransient transfection of extrachromosomal expression vectors bearing amyogenic transcription factor gene. In certain aspects, the nucleic acidconstruct or vector is chromosomally integrated into the modified cellline. Representative examples of self-renewing cell lines include thoseselected from a group consisting of embryonic stem cells, inducedpluripotent stem cells, and immortal lineage-restricted cell lines. Incertain aspects, such self-renewing cell lines are derived from speciesintended for dietary consumption or for research or for therapeuticpurposes. Representative examples of myogenic transcription factorsinclude, used alone or in combination, MYOD1, MYOG, MYF5, MYF6, PAX3,PAX7, paralogs, orthologs, genetic variants thereof, or transcriptionalactivation agonists of the respective promoter recognition DNA sequencesof the myogenic transcription factors disclosed herein.

Reference is made now to FIG. 3, which includes exemplary schematicillustrations of the double-switch mechanism of the myogenic modifiedO2KM cell line regulated by DOX or E2. As shown in FIG. 3, during theO2KM stem cell self-renewal process, the expression of the pluripotencytransgenes POU5F1 and KLF4 is induced in the presence of DOX in theself-renewal medium (SRM), while such expression is repressed when DOXis absent. Similarly, during the O2KM myogenic differentiation process,myogenic differentiation is activated by the inducible MyoD transgene inthe presence of E2 in the myogenic induction medium (MIM), while suchdirected differentiation is inactive when E2 is absent.

Certain aspects provide differentiation/specification methods comprisingadditional reagents other than E2 in the MIM to prevent cell death andto modulate the epigenetic state of chromatin. For example, a GlyogenSynthase Kinase-3β (GSK3β) inhibitor can be added to the SRM and MIM toactivate the canonical WNT signaling pathway, in turn, enhance myogenicdifferentiation and reduce cell death at the time of DOX withdrawal.Without being limited by theory, in certain aspects, the epigeneticmodular alters the chromatin activation by myogenic transcriptionfactors and/or enhances expression of myogenic transcription factors,such as MYF5.

It is understood that GSK3β inhibition includes targeting withsmall-molecules. Gene editing is also a promising approach to enhanceskeletal muscle specification by WNT signaling activation. For example,GSK3β may be inhibited in the host/parental cell line by mutating theGSK3β alleles either by sequence-specific insertion or deletiontechnology (i.e. Zinc-Finger Nuclease, TALEN, CRISPR). Mutating theendogenous promotor region can be used to repress expression of GSK3β.Alternately, the GSK3β open reading frame may be deleted or mutatedusing the same methods to abolish GSK3β activity. Likewise, thedownstream phosphorylation target of GSK3β, beta-catenin (CTNNB1) may bemutated at the codons coding for residues phosphorylated by GSK3β,thereby preventing phosphorylation of CTNNB1 by GSK3β, resulting in aconstitutively active, stable CTNNB1. Such “gene-editing” methods wouldreduce the cost of GSK3β inhibition by small-molecule targeting andpotentially improve the safety profile of the meat product, asadditional chemicals would not be required to inhibit GSK3β during theprocess. It is contemplated that a third approach to Wnt-signalinginhibition includes the use of anti-sense nucleic acid inhibitors toGSK30 or other factors antagonistic to the WNT pathway. These mayinclude RNA interference methods using sequence-targeting shRNA ormiRNA.

Certain specific aspects provide for use of a GSK3β inhibitor to promotecell survival, for example at the time of DOX withdrawal. Oneillustrative example of a GSK30 inhibitor is CHIR99021. Additionalrepresentative GSK30 inhibitors may include, without limitation: lithiumchloride, BIO, SB216763, CHIR-98014, TWS119, Tideglusib, IM-12,1-Azakenpullone, AR-A014418, and SB415286. Without being bound bytheory, it is believed that concomitant with DOX, both self-renewal ofundifferentiated cells is maintained by a WNT signaling pathwayinvolving the inhibition of GSK3β.

Without being bound by theory or limited by any specific representativeexample, it was observed that simultaneous withdrawal of both DOX andthe GSK3β inhibitor CHIR99021 from the culture medium supplemented withN-2 and B-27 serum replacements precipitates massive cell death ofdifferentiating O2K parental line within 48 h hours. Withdrawal of DOXin the presence of CHIR99021 enabled survival of the differentiatingO2K. Death by differentiating O2K cells in the absence of a GSK3βinhibitor and reciprocal survival in the presence thereof was confirmedby morphology, cell adhesion assay, cleaved caspase-3 accumulation, andAnnexin V labeling. In the parental O2K cell line, inhibition of GSK3βconcordantly resulted in the stabilization and activation of itsphosphorylation substrate, CTNNB1, the downstream positive effector ofthe canonical WNT signaling pathway. WNT signaling plays crucial rolesin both mesoderm specification from the undifferentiated ground-statepluripotency, pre-myogenic enrichment from unpatterned mesoderm andterminal differentiation of committed myocytes both in vivo and invitro. In agreement, extended culture of the O2K line in the absence ofDOX, and in the presence of a GSK3β inhibitor, supported differentiationtoward the pre-myogenic paraxial mesoderm, as evidenced by theexpression of PAX3 and concomitant loss of POU5F1 and KLF4 expression.Furthermore, in combination with 5AC, the GSK3β inhibitor enhancedexpression of the myogenic transcription factor MYF5 in differentiatingO2K. Moreover, a GSK3β inhibitor, such as CHIR99021, enhanced theterminal differentiation of the myogenic murine C2C12 cell line intomulti-nucleated myotubes, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 lists the influences of extracellular matrix effectors (i.e.Gelatin, Poly-D-Lysine, Laminin, MATRIGEL) and soluble factors (E2,CHIR99021) on the terminal differentiation of the murine C2C12 myoblastby assessment of the size and extent of myotube formation proceeding a5-day differentiation time course. (Cultures were scored from [*****],indicating robust myotube formation to [-] indicating non-detectablemyotube formation.)

TABLE 1 Influence of Extracellular Matrix effectors and Soluble factorson the terminal differentiation. +5 μM E2, Basal +3 μM Medium +5 μM E2+3 μM CHIR CHIR Gelatin *** ** *** ** Gelatin + Poly-D *** * * — LysineLaminin + *** * ** ** MATRIGEL + Poly-D Lysine Laminin + *** * **** **MATRIGEL Laminin *** * *** * MATRIGEL *** ** ***** ***

In certain aspects due to its multifunction: (1) suppressing cell deathfollowing DOX withdraw, (2) supporting differentiation toward thepre-myogenic state, (3) enhancing myogenic specification, and (4)enhancing terminal differentiation, a GSK3β inhibitor when retained inthe culture medium during differentiation (in the absence of DOX), isdeemed compatible with the inducible myogenic transcription factordirected lineage specification and subsequent terminal differentiationconditions by derivative myocytes. For example, CHIR99021 was retainedin the O2KM cultures following DOX withdrawal during subsequentE2-induced lineage-specification and terminal differentiation processes.

However, though the aforementioned GSK3β inhibitor-supplemented cultureregimen supported cell survival and myogenic lineage specification byO2KM to differentiated cells with distinctive myocyte-like spindlemorphology, the derivative cells failed to terminally differentiate intorefractive elongated myotubes. Therefore, a epigenetic modulator wasused to enhance the expression of myogenic genes in cells otherwisenon-permissive to myogenesis and enhance terminal differentiation oflineage committed myoctes to mature myofibers. To enable terminaldifferentiation of O2KM, cells were cultured in the presence of5-Aza-Cytidine (5AC) for 72 hours preceding DOX withdrawal, for 48 hoursduring E2 induction, followed by a terminal differentiation period up to6 additional days. In O2KM derived myocytes cultured in the presence of5AC, MYF5 expression was enhanced and cells exhibited a refractivemyofibril morphology, whereas myocytes derived in the absence of 5ACexpressed reduced MYF5 and exhibited an flattened morphology atypical tomature myofibrils. This distinction may explained by the enhancedexpression of the myogenic transcription factor MYF5 observed only inthe 5AC-exposed O2KM prior to and following 48 hours of DOX withdrawal

In conjunction with enrichment of the lower molecular weight,non-phosphorylated myogenin isoform, known to be the activetransactivator, the morphological distinction among these cultures maybe explained by MYF5 expression enhanced by 5AC exposure. It isunderstood that epigenetic modulation entails alteration of chromatinstructure influencing transcription factor binding and targetedtranscriptional activation by altering the DNA methylation patterns andpost-translational modification of nucleosome-associated histones. It isunderstood that epigenetic modulation may entail small-molecule agonistsor antagonists targeting epigenetic pathways or expressed proteinscomprising epigenetic machinery. One illustrative example of asmall-molecule epigenetic modulator is 5-Aza-Cytidine (5AC). Additionalrepresentative examples of small molecule epigenetic modulators include5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine, RG108, Scriptaid, sodium butyrate, trichostatinA, Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid, MS-275, CI-994, BML-210, M344,MGCD0103, PXD101, LBH-589, Tubastatin A, NSC3825, NCH-51, NSC-3852,HNHA, BML-281, CBHA, Salermide, Pimelic Diphenylamide, ITF-2357,PCI-24781, APHA Compound 8, Droxinostat, and SB-939. Representativeexamples of proteins involved in epigenetic modulation include histonedeacetylase paralogs, histone acetyltransferase paralogs,tet-methycytosine dioxygenase paralogs, histone demethylase paralogs,histone methyltransferase paralogs, and DNA methyltransferase paralogs,histones, and subunits of chromatin remodeling complexes includingMi-2/NuRD (and its components such as methyl-CpG-binding domain protein3 (MBD2)) and SWI/SNF (and its components such as BAF60 and BAF60C). Itis further understood that respective activities of protein epigeneticmodulators may be influenced by representative modalities such astargeting by small-molecule factors, over-expression of a respectiveexogenous transcript, anti-sense RNA-targeted respective transcriptdegradation, RNAi, and targeted mutation at the genetic locus.

The following disclosed embodiments are merely representative. Thus,specific structural, functional, and procedural details disclosed in thefollowing examples are not to be interpreted as limiting.

Examples Methods

O2KM Cell Line.

The O2KM cell line was derived from the parental O2K cell line bylentiviral insertion of a blastidicin-selectable transgene cassettecontaining the MyoDER open reading frame sequence (ORF). As referred toin this example section, O2K cells/cell line and piPSC cells are usedinterchangeably. The lentiviral vector, illustrated in FIG. 4A, wasprepared by cloning the MyoDER ORF (Addgene #13494) downstream of theCMV promoter of the pLentiCMVBlast destination vector (Addgene #17451)between the attR1 and attR2 recombination sites from an pENTR/D-TOPOentry vector (Life Technologies #K2435-20) clone containing thePCR-amplified MyoDER ORF. To prepare the lentiviral supernatant, 293FTcells were co-transfected with the prepared pLentiCMVBlast[MyoDER]plasmid, the pMD2.G envelope plasmid (Addgene #12259) and the psPAX2packaging plasmid (Addgene #12260) using the PolyJet transfectionreagent (Signagen # SL100688). O2K was transduced with pseudovirusconcentrated from the 293FT supernatant. Transduced O2K were cultured inphenol-red free culture medium and selected four days with 10 μg/mLblasticidin followed by two additional days with 15 μg/mL blasticidin.Selected cells were designated as O2KM. Expression of MyoDER in the O2KMstock was verified by Western blot, FIG. 4B

O2KM Stem Cell Stock Expansion in Presence of DOX.

O2KM stem cell renewal milieu was conducted as for the parental O2Kline, with the following exception: phenol-red free formulations ofDMEM/F-12 and neurobasal medium were substituted for the phenol-redcontaining formulations to avert pleotropic agonistic effects on MyoDER(i.e. activation). The O2KM cell stock self-renewal medium (SRM)consisted of the following components: phenol-red-free neurobasal medium(Life Technologies #12348-017), phenol-red free DMEM-F12 (LifeTechnologies #11039-021), 1× non-essential amino acids (Sigma-Aldrich#M7145), 0.5× Glutamax (Life Technologies #35050061), 0.000007%β-Mercaptoethanol, 0.5× N2 Supplement (Life Technologies #17502048),0.5× B27 Supplement Minus Vitamin A (Life Technologies #12587010), 0.1mg/mL Bovine Serum Albumin, 2 μg/mL doxacycline hyclate (i.e. DOX), 10ng/mL human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF, Millipore #LIF1050), 3 μMCHIR99021, 0.8 μM PD032591 and 0.1 μM PD173074. Herein forth, the threeinhibitors CHIR99021, PD032591 and PD173074 are collectively regarded as‘3i’. Alternatively, N-2 and B-27 serum replacements were substitutedusing 15% KnockOut Serum Replecement (KOSR; Life Technologies #A15870).O2KM maintained by enzymatic dissociation of colonies and passages ofcells onto culture dishes coated with poly-D lysine and murine lamininin phenol-free SRM under 5% O₂ every 3d. In these self-renewalconditions, O2KM maintained compact, stem cell-like morphology as theparental O2K line, as shown in FIG. 5.

CHIR99021 Inhibition of Cell Death.

Differentiation of the parental O2K line in the absence of SRM culturemedium components that support self-renewal hLIF, DOX, CHIR99021,PD032591 and PD173074, and KOSR resulted in massive cell death asdetermined by (1) phase contrast microscopy as shown in FIG. 9, panelsi.-ii., (2) CPP32 cleavage, as shown in FIG. 17A, and (3) Annexin Vlabeling shown in FIG. 16. However, a culture medium formulationincluding CHIR99021, when retained in the SRM basal medium in theabsence of hLIF, DOX, PD032591 and PD173074, supported both cellsurvival during differentiation as determined by (1) phase-contrastmicroscopy, as shown in FIG. 9, panels iii.-viii., (2) cell adhesionassay, as shown in FIG. 10, (3) CPP32 cleavage inhibition as shown inFIG. 17B, and (4) Annexin V labeling, as shown in FIG. 11. Moreover,CHIR99021 exposure during primordial differentiation stabilizes andmodulates the phosphorylation status of the GSK3β substrate, CTNNB1, asshown in FIGS. 12, 13A and 13B, the phospho-regulated downstreameffector of the canonical WNT signaling pathway known to directmesodermal differentiation during embryonic lineage specification,myogenic enrichment of mesodermal progenitors, and terminaldifferentiation of skeletal myocytes. Congruent with these findings,CHIR99021 supplemented basal medium supported pre-myogenic paraxialmesoderm lineage specification of differentiating O2K, as shown in FIG.14 and when included in low-mitogen differentiation cultures (2% horseserum/DMEM) of the myogenic murine C2C12 cell line, enhanced terminaldifferentiation into skeletal myotubes, listed in Table. 1. As CHIR99021repressed cell death, supported differentiation toward paraxial mesodermby the differentiating O2K cell line and enhanced terminaldifferentiation by the C2C12 cell line, precedent was established toretain the compound in all culture stages. Hence, 3 μM CHIR99021 wasretained in the culture medium during expansion, induction and terminaldifferentiation steps (FIG. 20A) unless stated otherwise.

O2KM Myogenic Induction.

O2KM cells were seeded onto culture dishes coated with poly-D lysine,murine laminin and MATRIGEL at a density of 4.1×10³ cells/cm² andcultured under 5% O₂ in self-renewal medium for 3d. To facilitatedifferentiation, cultures were transferred to a 20% O₂ basaldifferentiation milieu, designated by withdrawal of PD032591, PD173074,DOX, hLIF and β-mercaptoethanol. To conditionally induce the expressedMyoDER protein, 10 μM E2 was added to the medium. E2-directed myogeniclineage specification following 2d induction culture was confirmed by(1) adoption of spindle-like morphology characteristic of skeletalmyocytes in treated cultures, as shown in FIG. 6, (2) expression ofendogenous the MYOG skeletal muscle transcription factor, as shown inFIG. 7 and (3) uniform expression of the skeletal myocyte cell surfacemarker, NCAM, as shown in FIG. 8.

5AC Effects.

5AC exposure prior to, during, and following E2-mediated induction of‘MyoDER’ was introduced to enable terminal-differentiation of O2KM frommyocytes into refractive, filamentous myotubes. The murine C2C12 cellline was used as positive control to screen for optimal conditions forterminal differentiation by O2KM. These conditions included: a MATRIGELextracellular matrix and CHIR99021 supplementation in the absence of E2,as listed in Table 1. However, O2KM-derived myocytes passaged ontoMATRIGEL-coated culture dishes in differentiation medium without E2 (theconditions determined optimal for C2C12 terminal differentiation) failedto establish refractive myotubes, as shown in FIG. 15 and FIG. 20B.Hence, the gene expression program in the O2KM-derived myocytes was notsufficient to enable terminal differentiation as per the establishedconditions. 5AC, a small-molecule epigenetic modulator, was determinedpreviously to enable skeletal muscle transcription in cell linesnon-permissive to myogenesis. Moreover, 5AC exposure was furtherdetermined to enhance terminal differentiation by the C2C12 cell line.Hence, 250 nM 5AC, the highest dose tolerated by undifferentiated O2KM,was included during in the proliferative O2KM expansion and inductionregimens, as shown in FIG. 20A.

Terminal Differentiation.

Following 2d E2 induction, cultures were either terminallydifferentiated in situ, or passaged to MATRIGEL-coated culture dished interminal differentiation medium (TDM) at 1.56×10⁵ cells/cm² for terminaldifferentiation. TDM was formulated from the same components as MIM,except for the following modifications: withdrawal of E2, addition of 4μM A 83-01, and 100 nM IGF-1. N-2 and B-27 supplements were usedexclusively as serum replacements. Cultures were differentiated for upto 6d following under 20% O₂ following induction regimens (FIG. 20A).Cultures exposed to 5AC during expansion and induction regimens formedrefractive, anisotropic myotubes during the terminal differentiationregimen, shown in FIG. 20B. FIG. 20C shows uniform expression of myosinheavy chain by d6, and FIG. 20E shows increasing expression of desmin(DES) and myogenin (MYOG) over the 8d course. Myotube polyploidy wasobserved during terminal differentiation, as shown in FIG. 20D, leftpanel. The relative distribution of myonuclei in d8 myotubes accordingto ploidy is shown in FIG. 20D, right panel. Relative prevalence ofS-phase nuclei in the renewal milieu (d3 colonies), expansion milieu (d0cultures, FIG. 20A), and terminal differentiation milieu (d8 cultures,FIG. 20A), as shown in FIG. 20F, indicated cell cycle withdrawalfollowing terminal differentiation. Contractile potential of terminallydifferentiating skeletal muscle myotubes was validated by (1) structuraldevelopment of well-organized sarcomeres, as shown in FIG. 20G; (2)asynchronous spontaneous contraction, as shown in FIG. 21A; (3)contractile stimulation and synchronization by field stimulation, asshown in FIG. 21B; (4) caffeine-stimulated contraction, as shown in FIG.21C; and (5) acetylcholine-stimulated contraction, as shown in FIG. 21D.

Results

An Axis of Apoptosis and Differentiation is Modulated by CHIR99021.

FIG. 9 shows phase-contrast images of ground-state piPSC coloniescultured under 5% O₂ in the self-renewal milieu (i.) and following 48 hunder 20% O₂ in the absence of DOX, LIF and 3i, (ii.) FIG. 16 showsAnnexin V labeling of apoptotic cells prior to, and following 24 htransition of cultures. FIG. 17A shows Western blot detection offull-length CPP32 (˜32 kD procaspase 3a) and the large cleaved fragment(˜17 kD cleaved-caspase 3a) in ground-state colonies prior to (0 h) andfollowing (12-48 h) differentiation milieu transition (12-48 h). FIG. 9shows phase contrast images of adherent cultures (iii, iv, vi, and vi)and non-adherent embryoid body cultures (vii and viii) following 48 hculture in differentiation milieu supplemented with CHIR99021 asindicated. FIG. 10 shows adherent cell percentage of differentiationmilieu cultures supplemented with the CHIR99021 as indicated for 48 hrelative to ground-state (i.e. 0 h) cultures, normalized to 100%.*non-adherent cells viable as embryoid bodies. n=3 for each culturecondition. FIG. 11 shows Annexin V labeling of apoptotic cells following24 h transition of cultures to differentiation milieu supplemented withCHIR99021 as indicated. FIG. 17B shows Western blot detection offull-length CPP32 and the cleaved fragment in colonies following 42 htransition to the differentiation milieu in the presence of CHIR99021levels indicated. TUBA is detected an internal protein loading control.

CHIR99021 Stabilizes CTNNB1 and Supports Differentiation from the GroundState.

FIG. 12 shows Western blot detection of CTNNB1 and p-CTNNB1 (total andphospho-S33,37,T41β-catenin, respectively) following 24 hdifferentiation milieu transition in the presence of CHIR99021, asindicated. TUBA detected as an internal protein loading control. FIG.13A indicates ratios of p-CTNNB1/CTNNB1 bands. FIG. 13B indicates ratiosof CTNNB1/TUBA bands. FIGS. 13A and 13B represent densitometricquantitation from Western Blots as shown in FIG. 12; n=3. FIG. 18 showsoutgrowth morphology of embryoid bodies formed in a differentiationmilieu containing 6 μM CHIR99021 for two days and following transfer toa Poly-D Lysine+Laminin+MATRIGEL coated substrate for one (d3, leftpanel) or three (d5, right panel) additional days. FIG. 14 shows Westernblot analysis of PAX3, POU5F1 and KLF4 expression in ground-state milieu(d0) and differentiation milieu cultures (d1-d5) according to oneregimen aspect described elsewhere herein. TUBA detection is shown as aninternal protein loading control.

5-Aza-Cytidine and MyoDER Activation of Endogenous MRFs.

piPSC modification with an integrated MyoDER expression cassette. FIG.4A shows a Blasticidin (BLAST)-selectable MyoDER expression cassette.Arrows and boxes indicate promoter and gene sequences, respectively.FIG. 4B shows Western blot detection of MyoDER in the unmodified (O2K)and MyoDER expression cassette-modified (O2KM) piPSC line. MyoDER wasdetected with an antibody raised against a MyoD peptide. FIG. 7 showsWestern blot detection of MyoDER (˜75 kD), MYF5 and MYOG following 2dpiPSC induction. Endogenous MYOD1 (˜45 kD, expected) was not detected.O2KM were seeded onto poly-D lysine+Martigel+murine laminin coatedculture dishes and cultured with hLIF, 3i & DOX for three days in thepresence (i.e. expansion, FIG. 20A) or absence of 5AC, followed byrespective transition to a −/+5AC differentiation milieu supplementedwith E2 (i.e. 17β estradiol) and 3 μM CHIR99021 for two days. DoubleArrow: Partially resolved MYOG isoforms. FIGS. 19A and 19B. Determinantsof MYF5 activation: Western blot analyses. FIG. 19A, following threedays of culture on poly-d-lysine+laminin+MATRIGEL, unmodified piPSC werecultured 2d in the absence of 3i, DOX, hLIF and E2 in differentiationmilieu supplemented with 5AC (as in FIG. 7) and CHIR99021 as indicated.In the absence of CHIR99021, the 17 kD cleaved caspase isoform was notobserved in the KOSR supplemented differentiation milieu, as in contrastto observations in the N-2 and B-27 supplemented differentiation milieu(FIG. 17A, FIG. 19A). 5AC-enhanced activation of endogenous MYF5expression was dependent upon simultaneous CHIR99021 exposure, as shownin FIG. 19A. FIG. 19B shows MYF5 activation in the presence of DOX, LIFand 3i. MYODER-modified piPSC were cultured 3 days in self-renewal orexpansion milieu. In the presence of DOX and CHIR99021, 5AC exposuresupported detectable MYF5 expression levels, as shown in FIG. 19B, after3 days of expansion culture. In contrast MYF5 was not detected following3 days of renewal culture (−5AC), as shown in FIG. 19B. TUBA is detectedas an internal protein loading control. FIG. 6 shows the morphology ofselected piPSC cultures following lineage specification inductionculture regimens (FIG. 20A) described elsewhere herein. FIG. 8 showsimmunocytoflourescent detection of nuclei (DAPI) and NCAM inpiPSC-MyoDER cultures prior to (d0, left panel) and following (d2, rightpanel) 10 μM E2 exposure, in the presence of 5AC.

Terminal Myogenesis of Lineage-Specified piPSC.

Prior to terminal differentiation, cultures were expanded for 3 days inthe presence of 5AC, induced for 2 days in the presence of E2 & 5AC, andterminally differentiated in the absence of 5AC & E2 as shown in FIG.20A. FIG. 20B shows myotube morphology and conformation. Post-induction(d2), piPSC developed as elongated, anisotropic, refractive myotubes.Where 5AC was not included in the expansion and induction steps, cellsexhibited a flattened, non-refractive morphology. FIG. 20C and FIG. 20Eshow terminal myogenesis protein expression. DO and D6 cultures werestained for myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms with a pan-MyHCmonoclonal antibody, clone MF20. FIG. 20D shows myotube multinucleation.Left panel: enlarged image of d4 terminal differentiation cultures.Bracketed arrows indicate multiple nuclei within a single myotube. Rightpanel: myonuclei distribution by myotube ploidy by propidium iodidelabeling and flow cytometry analysis. n=3 with standard deviation shown.FIG. 20E shows Western blot analyses. MyoD (MYOD1), myogenin (MYOG) anddesmin (DES) expression, d0-d8. TUBA is detected as an internal proteinloading control. FIG. 20F shows cell-cycle withdrawal coinciding withterminal differentiation. d3 modified piPSC renewal, expansion culturesand d8 terminal differentiation cultures were labeled with EdU, and theS-phase fraction was determined by flow cytometry. n=3 with standarddeviation shown. FIG. 20G: Transmission Electron Microscopy, d6myotubes. Sarcomeric structural units were aligned in single (leftpanels) and staggered, parallel rows (right panel).

Spontaneous and Stimuli-Induced Calcium Transient Activity inpiPSC-Derived Myotubes.

To quantify contraction cycles, myotube cultures were stained withFluo-4 AM calcium dye, washed, and image sequences were captured byconfocal microscopy. Dynamic signaling events of an entire field of view(FOV) or single cells were traced and plotted over the imaging course.[s]=seconds. FIG. 21A shows representative asynchronous, single-celltransient cycles (left, middle and right panels) were observed inspontaneously contracting d6 myotube subpopulations. FIG. 21B shows FOVactivation and synchronization of calcium transient cycles by 1.0 Hzfield stimulation in d6 myotubes. FIG. 21C shows FOV calcium transientactivation of d6 myotubes by 10 mM caffeine. FIG. 21D: single-cellanalysis of representative calcium transient activation in a d7 myotubesby 100 nM acetylcholine.

Discussion

In summary, it has been discovered that certain aspects of the exemplaryembodiments described in this disclosure demonstrate one or more of thefollowing unexpected advantages for cultured meat applications:

-   -   (i) Rapid Cell Proliferation Rate;    -   (ii) Rapid Differentiation: With as little as 48 hours of        17β-estradiol induced MyoDER activation and doxycycline        withdrawal, the O2KM cell line differentiates to the myogenic        lineage, in vitro. No lengthy differentiation procedures        required;    -   (iii) Efficient Differentiation: The        CHIR99021/5AC/MyoDER-directed lineage specification ensures        extensive high-fidelity conversion to functional skeletal        myocytes. No cell sorting is required;    -   (iv) Infinite Self-Renewal: Self-renewal of undifferentiated        O2KM is tightly enforced supported in the self-renewal milieu;    -   (v) Self-Renewal and Terminal Differentiation in Serum-Free        Medium: Self-renewal and terminal myogenic differentiation of        the O2KM line were both validated in serum-free medium;    -   (vi) Compatible with Suspension Culture Systems as Embryoid        Bodies: In the pluripotent state, the parental O2K and modified        O2KM are resistant to anoikis and may be cultivated into        embryoid bodies from single cells in suspension culture.        O2KM-derived embryoid bodies may be compatible with multicelluar        spheroid assembly technologies such as bioprinting and        mircomolds for cultured meat production; and    -   (vii) Autologous Contraction: O2KM terminally differentiated as        skeletal muscle exhibits sarcomeric maturation and autologous        contraction. Hence, external stimulation (e.g. mechanical        tension, acetylcholine receptor activation, electrical        stimulation) may not be necessary to promote myofiber        maturation.

While the invention has been described in connection with exampleembodiments thereof, it will be understood that the inventive method iscapable of further modifications. This patent application is intended tocover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following,in general, the principles of the invention and including suchdepartures from the present disclosure as come within known or customarypractice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may beapplied to the essential features herein before set forth and as followsin scope of the appended claims.

1. A method for producing cultured muscle tissue, the method comprising:modifying a self-renewing cell line of an animal species with a myogenictranscription factor to produce a myogenic-transcription-factor-modifiedcell line, and inducing said modified cell line by exogenous regulationto maintain the cell line in self-renewal process or advance the cellline to myogenic differentiation process.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the muscle tissue is of a livestock or poultry species.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the muscle tissue is of a livestock species.4. The method of claim 3, wherein the livestock species is porcine orbovine.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the produced muscle tissue isfit for human and non-human dietary consumption.
 6. The method of claim1, wherein said self-renewing cell line is selected from the groupconsisting of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells,extraembryonic cell lines, and somatic cell lines.
 7. The method ofclaim 6, wherein the self-renewing stem cell line is from a livestock orpoultry species.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the self-renewingstem cell line is from a livestock species.
 9. The method of claim 8,wherein the livestock species is porcine or bovine.
 10. The method ofclaim 6, wherein the self-renewing stem cell line is from any animalspecies intended for human or non-human dietary consumption, is anycompanion animal, and/or is from any animal species used for research ordevelopment of therapeutics.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein saidmyogenic transcription factor is selected from the group consisting ofMYOD1, MYOG, MYF5, MYF6, PAX3, PAX7, paralogs, orthologs, and geneticvariants thereof.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said myogenictranscription factor is MYOD1.
 13. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: maintaining the modified cell line in a first culture mediumfor undifferentiated cell stock expansion.
 14. The method of claim 13further comprising: maintaining the modified cell line in a firstculture medium comprising doxycycline for cell stock expansion.
 15. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising: transferring the modified cellline into a second culture medium for lineage-specific differentiation.16. The method of claim 15 further comprising: treating the modifiedcell line in a second culture medium comprising E2 for lineage-specificdifferentiation.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said second culturemedium further comprises a reagent for activating the canonical WNTsignaling pathway, a reagent for epigenetic modulation, or a combinationthereof.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said second culture mediumfurther comprises a reagent for activating the canonical WNT signalingpathway.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said reagent for activatingthe canonical WNT signaling pathway comprises a GSK3P inhibitor.
 20. Themethod of claim 18, wherein said GSK3P inhibitor is selected from one ormore members of the group consisting of CHIR99021, lithium chloride,BIO, CHIR-99021, SB216763, CHIR-98014, TWS119, Tideglusib, IM-12,1-Azakenpullone, AR-A014418, and SB415286.
 21. The method of claim 20,wherein said GSK3P inhibitor is CHIR99021.
 22. The method of claim 17,wherein said second culture medium further comprises a reagent forepigenetic modulation.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein saidepigenetic modulator is selected from one or more members of the groupconsisting of 5AC, RG108, Scriptaid, sodium butyrate, trichostatin A,Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid, MS-275, CI-994, BML-210, M344,MGCD0103, PXD101, LBH-589, Tubastatin A, NSC3825, NCH-51, NSC-3852,HNHA, BML-281, CBHA, Salermide, Pimelic Diphenylamide, ITF-2357,PCI-24781, APHA Compound 8, Droxinostat, and SB-939, histone deacetylaseparalogs, histone acetyltransferase paralogs, tet-methylcytosinedioxygenase paralogs, histone demethylase paralogs, histonemethyltransferase paralogs, and DNA methyltransferase paralogs,histones, and subunits of chromatin remodeling complexes includingMi-2/NuRD and SWI/SNF.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein theepigenetic modulator is an inhibitor of DNA methylation.
 25. The methodof claim 1, wherein the method comprises forming multinucleatedmyotubes.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the muscle tissue comprisesskeletal muscle fibers.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the canonicalWNT signaling pathway is activated by gene-editing inhibition of GSK3Por its substrate CTNNB1.
 28. An in vitro-produced muscle tissue made bythe method of claim 1.